An infection is described as a breach in a body’s defense system by harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites which are not part of the normal flora (the naturally occurring bacteria of the human body). Once an infiltration is made, microbes would start proliferating which can lead to certain diseases.
Normally, if a person gets sick and requires further medical attention, they will be admitted to a hospital to receive treatment for recovery. While hospitals are supposedly a healing sanctuary for most medically ill people, acquiring an infection during one’s stay is possible and does occur far more likely than it should. These infections are called Nosocomial Infections or hospital-acquired infections.
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| Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia |
The most common of these occur from a surgical wound or site. Other frequent nosocomial infections stem from bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and cases of pneumonia.
According to the CDC, about 2 million people in the US alone acquire nosocomial infections yearly and this leads to 20,000 mortalities. The second most prevalent nosocomial infection also attributes as the leading cause of death due to hospital-acquired infections: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
VAP is a lung infection that develops in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours.
The incidence is high and it accounts for 22.8% of all patients who end up on the ventilation. It is also the most common infection in the intensive care unit and it accounts for almost half of all the antibiotics administered in the ICU.
There are two kinds of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The first one is the early-onset VAP which happens 48 to 96 hours (4 days) after intubation. It is caused by an antibiotic-sensitive bacterium. The second is late-onset VAP, which develops after 4 days from when the patient is initially intubated. It is usually caused by an antibiotic-resistant bacterium.
What are the causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes alveoli inflammation. These alveoli contain purulent materials that cause a cough with secretions, fever, and difficulty of breathing.
For patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, the primary way for developing an infection would be a colonization of pathogens acquired in the intensive care setting. These pathogens can be acquired through contaminated medical equipment, hands, and even the uniforms of medical providers.
Colonization of bacteria and microbes present in the normal flora is also a primary suspect. Using the existence of the endotracheal tube, this bacterial colonization will now have a direct access to the lower respiratory tract. Biofilm forms on or in the tube from oral or upper airway secretions, which can be noted within 12 hours of intubation. This contains an immense amount of bacteria that can be transferred into the lungs through ventilator-induced breaths.
The presence of an endotracheal tube would also mean that the normal breathing pattern is altered. The function or the upper respiratory tract is bypassed which means the air must be heated and humidified by other means.
Things that normally would elicit a cough reflex will no longer trigger it since the endotracheal tube eliminates/decreases the cough reflex. This is important because we know that the cough reflex is our body’s innate response to foreign objects that go down the trachea.
The absence of these innate defense mechanisms would definitely increase the probability of bacterial colonization through repeated aspirations of colonized organisms.
Most patients attached to a mechanical ventilator have an altered state of consciousness and need a nasogastric (NG) tube for feeding purposes and administration of medications. The nasogastric tubes can cause esophageal sphincter to loosen up and not fully close, which could lead to gastroesophageal reflux. Since the stomach has a stockpile of bacteria, aspiration of gastric contents will serve as the one-way ticket of bacteria to the upper respiratory tract where it can colonize.
How to diagnose a patient with VAP?
Diagnosing patients with VAP can be frustrating. That’s because the patients are already intubated and in a serious condition and you really do not want or need to cause any more harm.
Clinical findings, sputum tests, and radiography are one of the best ways of diagnosing the disease. Invasive diagnostic procedures, such as a bronchoscopy, carry risks with it but are more efficient. Radiography shouldn’t be the lone basis of diagnosis as other diseases could be a differential diagnosis, such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, atelectasis, and/or alveolar hemorrhage.
Sputum obtained for testing is not a reliable test to diagnose VAP but could be used for culture and sensitivity results to assist in choosing the correct medication (antibiotic) to be used.
Chances of having VAP increase if the patient exhibits clinical symptoms such as increased temperature, a high white blood cell count, and purulent secretions.
How to treat VAP?
Basically, you treat VAP with proper antibiotics. Medications that are prescribed should match the bacteria that is present. Initially, while no information about the causative agent is available, a broad-spectrum antibiotic would be administered until culture and sensitivity results are available.
Then you can proceed to administer the appropriate antibiotic.
How to prevent VAP?
About one-third of all ventilator-associated pneumonia cases in the United States could be prevented. For healthcare providers, the CDC released some of the things that we can do to prevent VAP. This includes:
- Use NPPV (non-invasive positive pressure ventilation) whenever possible, as this significantly decreases the chances of VAP as opposed to intubation and mechanical ventilation.
- Use daily weaning trials to assess the patient’s respiratory muscle strength and ability to be removed from the ventilator. The risk of VAP is associated with the length of time on the ventilator, so naturally, if you can decrease that amount of time, you will decrease the chances of VAP.
- Elevate the head position of the bed. This has been shown to reduce the chances of gastric aspiration, which causes VAP. Strive to keep the head of the bed elevated to 45 degrees.
- Use proper hand hygiene. This goes without saying, however, you should always wash your hand with soap and water upon entering the patient’s room, then again once you leave the room.
- Practice oral decontamination on the patient by doing mouth-care regularly. Cleaning out the bacteria in the mouth decreases that chances of VAP significantly.
- Don’t break the circuit of the ventilator. Keeping the circuit closed as much as possible has been shown to decrease the chances of the patient obtaining VAP. This means that you should change the circuit only when it is visibly soiled.
